In May 2020, the HSEs Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) warned businesses of the risks of Legionnaires’ disease due water systems in buildings being idle during the COVID-19 lockdown. Almost one year later the concern remains. In the coming months businesses, including offices, restaurants, hotels (spas and pools) and leisure centres are planning to reopen across Ireland. Employers should be aware of the health effects, potential risk factors and the preventative and control measures for managing Legionella in water systems.
Legionnaires’ disease is a type of pneumonia which can cause serious illness, particularly in those with underlying health conditions, smokers and men aged over 50 years. It was first recognised in 1976 following an outbreak at the annual convention of the American Legion held in the Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia. The outbreak resulted in 34 deaths. The bacterium identified to have caused the disease was named Legionella pneumophila.
The main infection route of the illness is the inhalation of aerosols (small water droplets) carrying Legionella. The risk of exposure increases when water containing Legionella becomes broken up by impact with surfaces, or by devices creating a spray of droplets. i.e. showers. Symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease includes a dry cough, tiredness, chest pains and difficulty breathing. Other mild forms of the disease are known as Pontiac Fever and Lochgoilhead Fever.
Subsequent to the outbreak in 1976, cases of Legionella have increased globally. Some reasons for this may include; the increase use of different water systems such as spas and Jacuzzis; an improved detection rate; increase in use of green technologies such as greywater and solar panels; and most notably poor management of water systems. According to the HPSC, Legionellosis is a notifiable disease in Ireland meaning cases of Legionella infections are to be reported to the Medical Officer of Health(MOH)/Director of Public Health (DPH). Events of Legionnaires’ disease reported by HPSC from 2000-2018 can be seen in Figure 1.
A noteworthy case in Ireland occurred in 2015 in which a woman had contracted Legionnaires’ disease after staying in hotel and spa facility based in Kerry. In 2020, RTE news reported the source of the exposure to Legionella was due to a cold spa pool. The woman had suffered life changing injuries due to the illness including chronic fatigue. The case was investigated by the Health Service Executive and Health and Safety Authority and significant improvements were required by the facility. This case highlights the legal obligation on employers to manage and control the risk of Legionella.
In Ireland, the principal occupational health and safety legislation in controlling Legionnaires’ disease include:
Under Section 19 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act 2005, employers and those who control workplaces are required to carry out risk assessments. This would cover the assessment and control of the risks associated with Legionella in water systems.
In addition to legislative requirements, the Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC) have published a guidance document on assessing, managing and controlling the risks of Legionella in water systems. The document can be found here. The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Approved Code of Practice (L8) and Technical Guidance (HSG 274) on the control of Legionella are also useful guides to industry best practice, and are available online here.
The most common sources of Legionella include:
Some of the risk factors for proliferation of Legionella in water systems include:
Employers have a legal obligation to identify and assess the sources and risks factors of Legionella. This involves carrying out a Legionella Risk Assessment.
A LRA is a detailed document outlining the findings from undertaking a survey of an entire water system in the building and/or premises.
The objectives of conducting a LRA include:
To meet the objectives of the survey, the following areas may be inspected:
LRAs should be carried out by experienced and competent personnel. The control measures must be reviewed regularly to remain effective.
Chris Mee groups Legionella Risk Assessment programme has been developed in accordance with:
Legionellosis in Ireland, 2009
Code of Practice & guidance’ (L8).
CMSE Consultancy provide Legionella Risk Assessments to our clients all over Ireland. If you require further information or assistance please contact us via email at [email protected] , by phone at 021 497 8100 or start an instant chat with us via the chat box in the bottom right-hand corner of your screen
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